Oral Presentation Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference 2025

Etiology of rachis tip dieback of macadamia flowers in Australia (118423)

Xiaoxue Xu 1 , Vivian A. Rincon-Florez 1 , Lilia C. Carvalhais 1 , Olufemi A. Akinsanmi 1
  1. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Macadamia, often called the "golden crop" due to its high nutritional and health value, is the only Australian native plant cultivated globally as a food crop. However, flower diseases can significantly impact production, which can cause up to 80% yield loss. In Australia, three flower diseases have been reported, including Botrytis blight, Cladosporium blight, and dry flower disease, caused by species of Botrytis, Cladosporium, and Neopestalotiopsis/Pestalotiopsis, respectively. A common symptom associated with flower blight diseases is rachis tip dieback (RTD), characterized by necrosis of the rachis starting from the distal end, resulting in blackened, curved racemes. Interestingly, some racemes show flower blight symptoms without exhibiting RTD, while others show RTD but retain healthy flowers. These raise questions about the causal agents of RTD, the prevalence of RTD, and its role in flower disease epidemics. To answer these questions, surveys were conducted across 20 commercial macadamia orchards in central and southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales during the 2023 and 2024 flowering seasons. RTD was found to be prevalent across the key macadamia-growing regions, affecting all four Macadamia species and several commercial cultivars. A total of 344 isolates were obtained from RTD samples. We identified 18 fungal genera, with Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis as the dominant genera (32.3%), followed by Epicoccum (22.4%), Diaporthe (15.4%), Cladosporium (8.4%), Alternaria (5.8%), Fusarium (5.8%), Nigrospora (2.0%), Colletotrichum (1.7%), Botrytis (1.5%), and other occasional genera. Pathogenicity testing confirmed that the four genera (Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Cladosporium, and Botrytis) implicated in flower blight can cause RTD, along with Epicoccum and Diaporthe. Our findings suggest that RTD may represent a distinct disease entity, potentially interrelated with other flower blights. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the role of RTD in macadamia flower disease epidemics, as its presence may indicate an elevated risk of other flower diseases.