Oral Presentation Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference 2025

Insights on grapevine trunk disease pathogen spore deposits on pruning wounds (119131)

Tarita Furlan 1 2 , Meifang Liu 3 , Jared Hrycan 3 , Sandra Savocchia 3 4 , Mark Sosnowski 1 2
  1. South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
  2. School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
  3. Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
  4. School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

Eutypa (ED) and Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) are grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) caused by several fungal pathogens in the Diatrypaceae and Botryosphaeriaceae families, respectively. ED and BD spores are spread by wind and rain splash once spores are released from infected vines following rain events. ED pathogen spores are smaller and travel much further distances than BD pathogen spores (Carter 1991, Úrbez-Torres 2011). The spores infect grapevines through pruning wounds and colonise the vascular tissue causing necrosis, leading to loss of production and death of vines (Carter 1991, Úrbez-Torres 2011, Gramaje, Úrbez-Torres and Sosnowski 2018). Research conducted in the 1960’s on apricots, based on infection rate studies and spore trap spore counts, estimated that as little as 10 ED pathogen spores were likely to land on a wound naturally in an orchard (Carter and Moller, 1971). This research aims to determine the likelihood and quantity of ED and BD pathogen spores landing on grapevine wounds in vineyards. In winter 2023 and 2024, glass slides covered with Melinex tape and Tanglefoot, designed to simulate small (1 cm²), medium (2 cm²), and large (4 cm²) wounds, were attached to cordons and spurs in blocks at the vineyards located at the Waite Campus in South Australia. Several scenarios were evaluated: (1) different exposure durations up to 14 days, (2) different vineyards during the same rain event, (3) different vine ages within the same vineyard and rain event, and (4) different rain events within the same vineyard. DNA was extracted from spores deposited on the tapes and analysed using qPCR to quantify the ED and BD pathogen spores. Both spore numbers and incidence of tapes with spores varied greatly between years, likely linked to rainfall differences. Although ED pathogen spores were deposited in greater numbers than that of BD, the incidence of tapes with spores was greater for BD pathogens. For both ED and BD, the incidence of tapes detected with spores increased with the size of the tape but did not vary when left in the vineyard from 1 to 14 days, indicating that the chances of wounds getting infected increased with size but not with longer exposure. Furthermore, both spore numbers and incidence of tapes with spores were similar for different rain events in the same vineyard, for different vineyards during the same rain event and for different ages in the same vineyard and rain event. Results will be presented and discussed in relation to pathogen epidemiology and disease management. Further trials will be undertaken in winter 2025 to better understand the effects of seasonal factors, rainfall amounts, and the timing between rain events on spore deposits. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviour of ED and BD pathogen spores and will provide better guidance for managing infections occurring via pruning wounds.   

  1. Carter, M.V. and Moller, W.J. (1971) The quantity of inoculum required to infect apricot and other Prunus species with Eutypa armeniacae. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 11, 684–686.
  2. Carter, M. V. (1991). The status of Eutypa Lata as a pathogen. Wallingford, Oxon, Published on behalf of C.A.B. International Mycological Institute by C.A.B. International.
  3. Gramaje, D., Úrbez-Torres, J.R. and Sosnowski, M.S. (2018). Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases With Respect to Etiology and Epidemiology: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. Plant disease 102(1): 12-39.
  4. Úrbez-Torres, J. R. (2011). The status of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines. Phytopathologia mediterranea 50(4): S5-S45.